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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor in Blood
07:20

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor in Blood

Published on: January 9, 2018

[Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis].

T de Broucker1, L Martinez-Almoyna

  • 1Service de neurologie, hôpital Delafontaine, 2, rue du Dr-Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.

Medecine Et Maladies Infectieuses
|November 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis is an underdiagnosed autoimmune neurological disorder. Early diagnosis and treatment can lead to significant recovery, highlighting the need for broader clinical surveillance.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor in Blood
07:20

A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor in Blood

Published on: January 9, 2018

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
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High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

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Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
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Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Published on: June 2, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Context:

  • Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis is a recently identified autoimmune limbic encephalitis.
  • Its prevalence may be underestimated in clinical practice.
  • It presents with characteristic, often severe, neurological symptoms requiring intensive care.

Purpose:

  • To review the history, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis.
  • To discuss the therapeutic implications and management strategies for this condition.
  • To emphasize the importance of surveillance across various medical units.

Summary:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis, covering its historical context and epidemiological data.
  • It details the distinctive clinical manifestations, differential diagnoses, and recommended treatments based on recent literature.
  • The potential for full recovery or mild sequelae after treatment underscores the significance of timely diagnosis.

Impact:

  • Highlights the need for increased awareness and surveillance of anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis in neurology, infectious disease, psychiatric, and pediatric settings.
  • Emphasizes that prompt diagnosis and treatment, regardless of underlying cause (paraneoplastic or autoimmune), can significantly improve patient outcomes.
  • Supports the integration of diagnostic and management protocols for autoimmune encephalitis across diverse clinical units.