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Related Concept Videos

Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
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Chemical Synapses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins
09:33

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins

Published on: June 26, 2018

Synaptotagmins in neurodegeneration.

Gordana Glavan1, Reinhard Schliebs, Marko Zivin

  • 1Medical Faculty, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
|November 28, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Synaptotagmins (Syts) are key proteins in membrane trafficking. This study links Syts to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, suggesting potential therapeutic targets.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Synaptotagmins (Syts) regulate membrane trafficking.
  • Growing evidence links Syts to neurodegenerative diseases, including temporal lobe epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, brain ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of Syts in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To present new data on Syt expression in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.
  • To investigate the link between Syt 4 and excitotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Syt involvement in neurological disorders.
  • Analysis of Syt expression in Tg2576 mouse model of AD.
  • Assessment of Syt 4 mRNA levels in an excitotoxic striatal lesion model.

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Visualizing Synaptic Degeneration in Adult Drosophila in Association with Neurodegeneration

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

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09:33

An Optical Assay for Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in Cultured Neurons Overexpressing Presynaptic Proteins

Published on: June 26, 2018

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Evaluation of Synapse Density in Hippocampal Rodent Brain Slices

Published on: October 6, 2017

Visualizing Synaptic Degeneration in Adult Drosophila in Association with Neurodegeneration
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Main Results:

  • Observed changes in Syt expression in a mouse model of AD, potentially linked to neuroinflammation.
  • Demonstrated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated upregulation of Syt 4 mRNA in excitotoxic conditions.
  • Associated Syt 4 upregulation with excitotoxicity mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptotagmins play a role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Further research into pharmacological manipulation of Syt expression in neurodegeneration models is warranted.
  • Clarifying the role of individual Syt isoforms in membrane trafficking is crucial for understanding neurodegeneration.