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Related Concept Videos

Plague01:24

Plague

Plague is a highly virulent zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic coccobacillus. This pathogen primarily circulates among rodent populations and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected fleas. Additional transmission routes include direct contact with infected animal tissue or inhalation of respiratory droplets from individuals with pneumonic plague. These multiple transmission pathways highlight the bacterium’s potential for rapid...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Prospects for new plague vaccines.

Valentina A Feodorova1, Michael J Corbel

  • 1Scientific and Research Institute for Medical and Veterinary Biotechnologies, Russia-Switzerland, Branch in Saratov, 9 Proviantskaya Street, Box 1580, Saratov 410028, Russia. feodorovav@mail.ru

Expert Review of Vaccines
|December 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Developing effective plague vaccines is crucial due to bioterrorism threats. Current subunit vaccines show promise but have limitations, while live-attenuated Yersinia pestis strains offer a potential accelerated path to improved airborne infection protection.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Yersinia pestis poses a significant bioterrorism threat, necessitating advanced vaccines against airborne transmission.
  • Current plague vaccines, primarily subunit-based, offer protection but may not cover all virulent strains or provide long-term immunity against pneumonic plague.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of plague vaccine development.
  • To explore novel strategies and challenges in creating effective vaccines against Yersinia pestis airborne infection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on plague vaccine research.
  • Analysis of current vaccine platforms, including subunit, live-attenuated, DNA, and mucosal approaches.
  • Evaluation of Yersinia pestis EV NIIEG as a potential vaccine candidate.

Main Results:

  • Subunit vaccines targeting F1 and LcrV antigens are effective in animal models but have limitations.
  • Live-attenuated Yersinia pestis EV NIIEG demonstrates protection against aerosol challenge.
  • Uncertainty remains regarding the duration of protection and efficacy against modified strains.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into live-attenuated Yersinia pestis strains could expedite vaccine development.
  • Addressing residual virulence and optimizing respiratory protection are key for live-attenuated vaccine candidates.
  • Regulatory hurdles for vaccines lacking extensive human efficacy data require innovative solutions.