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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

A functional axis based upper extremity model and associated calibration procedures.

B A MacWilliams¹, M C Sardelli, R Z Tashjian

¹Motion Analysis Laboratory, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Fairfax Rd. @ Virginia St., Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA. bmacwilliams@shrinenet.org

|December 1, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new upper extremity model accurately describes elbow motion using computed joint axes. This biomechanical model provides repeatable and precise measurements for elbow movement analysis.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

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A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

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Published on: November 6, 2015

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Anatomy
Orthopedics

Background:

Accurate modeling of upper extremity motion is crucial for understanding joint function and pathology.
Existing models may lack precision in describing complex elbow kinematics.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce an upper extremity model for accurate and complete elbow motion description.
To compute glenohumeral and functional elbow axes for anatomical coordinate descriptions.

Main Methods:

Developed an upper extremity model incorporating computed glenohumeral center of rotation and functional elbow axes.
Validated model results against goniometric measures.
Conducted test-retest analyses on six subjects.

Main Results:

Model results demonstrated strong agreement with goniometric measures of elbow flexion.
Test-retest analyses showed repeatability within 5 degrees for most measures.
The functional elbow axis was consistently located distal and anterior to the transepicondylar axis, aligning with the trochlear center.
The carrying angle was determined to be 11 degrees of valgus in the extended arm position.

Conclusions:

The developed upper extremity model provides an accurate and repeatable method for describing elbow motion.
The computed functional elbow axis offers a more anatomically relevant reference than the transepicondylar axis.
Findings contribute to a better understanding of elbow biomechanics and joint alignment.