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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Problem Solving01:06

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Problem Solving

In multiple dimensions, the conservation of momentum applies in each direction independently. Hence, to solve collisions in multiple dimensions, we should write down the momentum conservation in each direction separately. To help understand collisions in multiple dimensions, consider an example.
A small car of mass 1,200 kg traveling east at 60 km/h collides at an intersection with a truck of mass 3,000 kg traveling due north at 40 km/h. The two vehicles are locked together. What is the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
06:09

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Injuries about the shoulder in skiing and snowboarding.

D McCall1, M R Safran

  • 1Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.

British Journal of Sports Medicine
|December 1, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alpine skiing shows fewer lower-extremity injuries, increasing upper-extremity injuries. Snowboarding causes more upper-extremity injuries, with shoulder injuries common in both sports, necessitating prevention strategies.

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Published on: November 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Alpine skiing injury rates have decreased, particularly lower-extremity injuries, leading to a higher ratio of upper-extremity to lower-extremity injuries.
  • Snowboarding results in more frequent upper-extremity injuries compared to alpine skiing, with shoulder injuries being a significant concern in both sports.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and compare the incidence and patterns of shoulder injuries in alpine skiing versus snowboarding.
  • To identify common mechanisms and types of shoulder injuries in both sports.
  • To inform prevention strategies and treatment algorithms for alpine sport-related injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on alpine skiing and snowboarding injuries.
  • Stratification of shoulder injuries by type to compare incidence between sports.
  • Analysis of injury mechanisms, including falls, pole planting, and aerial maneuvers.

Main Results:

  • Shoulder injuries constitute a notable percentage of all injuries and upper-extremity injuries in both skiing and snowboarding.
  • Falls are a primary cause of shoulder injuries, with sport-specific mechanisms like pole planting (skiing) and aerial maneuvers (snowboarding) also contributing.
  • Common shoulder injuries include rotator cuff strains, glenohumeral dislocations, acromioclavicular separations, and clavicle fractures.

Conclusions:

  • While overall injury rates decline, the relative incidence of upper-extremity injuries, particularly shoulder injuries, is increasing in alpine skiing.
  • Snowboarding presents a higher risk for upper-extremity injuries, including shoulder injuries, compared to alpine skiing.
  • Effective prevention strategies and confident treatment algorithms are crucial for managing upper-extremity injuries in skiers and snowboarders.