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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
10:03

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

[Current approaches to controlling type 2 diabetes].

A S Ametov, E V Karpova, E V Ivanova

    Terapevticheskii Arkhiv
    |December 2, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Achieving optimal glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels is crucial for preventing type 2 diabetes (T2D) complications. Target HbA1c varies, with general recommendations below 7% and individualized goals based on hypoglycemia risk.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Metabolic Diseases
    • Cardiovascular Health

    Background:

    • Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects 250 million globally, projected to reach 380 million by 2025.
    • Macrovascular complications are the primary cause of mortality in T2D patients.
    • Chronic hyperglycemia drives T2D development and progression.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine optimal glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) targets for preventing T2D complications.
    • To provide evidence-based recommendations for glycemic control in diverse patient populations.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of large-scale studies on T2D complications and glycemic control.
    • Formulation of patient-specific HbA1c targets based on risk stratification.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

    A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
    10:03

    A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

    Published on: February 28, 2013

    Main Results:

    • General recommendation for HbA1c < 7% for all T2D patients.
    • Lower HbA1c target (< 6%) for patients at low risk of hypoglycemia.
    • Higher HbA1c target (7.5-8%) for patients at high risk of hypoglycemia.

    Conclusions:

    • Glycemic control, specifically HbA1c levels, significantly reduces micro- and macrovascular risks in T2D.
    • Individualized HbA1c targets are essential for effective T2D management and complication prevention.