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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

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In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice
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[Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma].

Peng Xie1, Honfu Deng, Tianzhi Tan

  • 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.

Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi = Journal of Biomedical Engineering = Shengwu Yixue Gongchengxue Zazhi
|December 2, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Papillary microcarcinoma, a small thyroid cancer, is increasingly diagnosed. This review covers its behavior, treatment controversies, and prognosis for better patient management.

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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Context:

  • Increasingly diagnosed papillary microcarcinoma (≤1.0 cm) due to advances in ultrasonography (US) and US-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB).
  • Papillary microcarcinoma exhibits prominent clinical characteristics including cervical lymph node metastasis and multicentricity.
  • The optimal treatment strategy for papillary microcarcinoma remains a subject of clinical controversy.

Purpose:

  • To review the clinical behavior of papillary microcarcinoma.
  • To discuss appropriate therapeutic strategies for papillary microcarcinoma.
  • To explore factors affecting prognosis and follow-up methods for patients with papillary microcarcinoma.

Summary:

  • Ultrasonography and US-guided FNAB facilitate the diagnosis of small papillary thyroid cancers (papillary microcarcinoma).
  • Key clinical features of papillary microcarcinoma include lymph node metastasis and multicentricity, leading to treatment debates.
  • This review synthesizes information on clinical behavior, treatment options, prognostic factors, and patient follow-up for papillary microcarcinoma.

Impact:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview to guide clinical decision-making for papillary microcarcinoma.
  • Highlights areas of controversy in treatment, encouraging further research and evidence-based guidelines.
  • Aims to improve patient outcomes through informed management and follow-up strategies for papillary microcarcinoma.