Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Two-State Receptor Model

The Two-State Receptor Model

The two-state receptor model explains a drug's interaction with receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels, to induce or inhibit a biological response. When no natural ligands are present, a receptor exists in an equilibrium of inactive (Ri) and active (Ra) conformations. The inactive form does not produce a response, while the active form generates a basal effect known as constitutive activity.
The binding affinity of a drug determines its interaction with one...

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

Transition State Theory

Transition State Theory

Transition-state theory, also known as activated-complex theory, provides a molecular-level explanation of reaction rates in both gas-phase and solution-phase reactions. It extends earlier kinetic models by considering the formation of a short-lived, high-energy configuration during a reaction.The progress of a chemical reaction can be represented using a reaction profile, which plots potential energy against the reaction coordinate. As two reactant molecules approach one another, their...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Quantifying Components in a Model Vaccine with Machine-Learning-Augmented Raman Spectroscopy.

Analytical chemistry·2026

Same author

Tailoring Codon Usage to the Underlying Biology for Protein Expression Optimization.

Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)·2022

Same author

Distinct single-component adjuvants steer human DC-mediated T-cell polarization via Toll-like receptor signaling toward a potent antiviral immune response.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2021

Same author

How to draw the line - Raman spectroscopy as a tool for the assessment of biomedicines.

Biological chemistry·2021

Same author

Evaluation of the in vitro Function of Platelet Concentrates from Pooled Buffy Coats or Apheresis.

Transfusion medicine and hemotherapy : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhamatologie·2020

Same author

Kinetic Fingerprinting Links Bacteria-Phage Interactions with Emergent Dynamics: Rapid Depletion of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Indicates Phage Synergy.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)·2020

Same journal

Globins in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii shed new light on hemoglobin evolution in bilaterians.

BMC evolutionary biology·2020

Same journal

Is there any intron sliding in mammals?

BMC evolutionary biology·2020

Same journal

The evolution of the huntingtin-associated protein 40 (HAP40) in conjunction with huntingtin.

BMC evolutionary biology·2020

Same journal

You don't have the guts: a diverse set of fungi survive passage through Macrotermes bellicosus termite guts.

BMC evolutionary biology·2020

Same journal

Mitochondrial DNAs provide insight into trypanosome phylogeny and molecular evolution.

BMC evolutionary biology·2020

Same journal

Stress-related changes in leukocyte profiles and telomere shortening in the shortest-lived tetrapod, Furcifer labordi.

BMC evolutionary biology·2020

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Published on: December 1, 2011

Understanding the HIV coreceptor switch from a dynamical perspective.

Christel Kamp¹

¹Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany. kamch@pei.de

BMC Evolutionary Biology

|December 2, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new computer model explains how HIV receptor switching occurs. This HIV coreceptor switch from CCR5 (R5) to CXCR4 (X4) viruses is linked to disease progression and can be influenced by changing host conditions.

More Related Videos

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Published on: September 15, 2010

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Published on: December 1, 2011

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Assessment of Immunologically Relevant Dynamic Tertiary Structural Features of the HIV-1 V3 Loop Crown R2 Sequence by ab initio Folding

Published on: September 15, 2010

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

Area of Science:

Virology
Computational Biology
Immunology

Background:

HIV entry into target cells requires CD4 and a coreceptor (CCR5 or CXCR4).
Early infection typically involves CCR5-using (R5) viruses.
A switch to CXCR4-using (X4) viruses occurs in about 50% of individuals, correlating with disease progression, but the dynamics remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the conditions driving the HIV coreceptor switch using a computational model.
To understand the evolution of viral quasispecies (R5 vs. X4) in relation to disease stages and viral load.

Main Methods:

Developed a minimal in silico model based on Nowak and May's approaches.
Modeled viral evolution probabilistically across primary, latent, and AIDS stages.
Analyzed the emergence and dominance of R5 and X4 viral strains.

Main Results:

The model demonstrates that coreceptor switching can be driven by dynamic changes in host environmental conditions.
Emergence of X4 strains does not immediately lead to their dominance in viral load.
X4 viral load dominance is more likely later in chronic infection.

Conclusions:

The computational model provides a framework for understanding HIV coreceptor switch dynamics.
Understanding switch conditions is crucial, especially with the advent of CCR5 antagonist drugs.
CCR5 blockers suppress R5 viruses but do not necessarily prevent a switch to X4 viruses.