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Psychosurgery, the surgical alteration or permanent removal of brain tissue to alleviate severe psychological conditions, stands as one of the most radical and controversial treatments in the history of mental health care. Its development and application have evolved significantly, marked by dramatic shifts in scientific understanding and ethical perspectives.
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Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their original...
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It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and reloaded.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Single-Port Robotic-assisted Transaxillary Breast-conserving Surgery: A Prospective, Single-arm, Non-randomized Phase IIa Clinical Trial
03:07

Single-Port Robotic-assisted Transaxillary Breast-conserving Surgery: A Prospective, Single-arm, Non-randomized Phase IIa Clinical Trial

Published on: August 19, 2025

Do plastic surgeons have cosmetic surgery?

Raffi Gurunluoglu1, Aslin Gurunluoglu

  • 1Denver, Colo. From the Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences, and Psychology and Management of Education.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|December 3, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Most plastic surgeons have undergone minimally invasive cosmetic procedures, with women having more than men. About a third have had cosmetic surgery, most commonly liposuction, with high satisfaction rates.

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Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Single-Port Robotic-assisted Transaxillary Breast-conserving Surgery: A Prospective, Single-arm, Non-randomized Phase IIa Clinical Trial
03:07

Single-Port Robotic-assisted Transaxillary Breast-conserving Surgery: A Prospective, Single-arm, Non-randomized Phase IIa Clinical Trial

Published on: August 19, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Cosmetic Procedures
  • Surgical Outcomes

Background:

  • Plastic surgeons' personal attitudes towards cosmetic surgery are largely unknown.
  • Understanding these attitudes is crucial for the field.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey American Society of Plastic Surgeons members on their cosmetic procedure experiences.
  • To assess interest in minimally invasive vs. surgical cosmetic procedures.
  • To determine facility and surgeon selection criteria and satisfaction levels.

Main Methods:

  • A survey was sent to 2635 American Society of Plastic Surgeons members.
  • The survey assessed interest in cosmetic procedures, facility/surgeon choice, and satisfaction.
  • 276 responses were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • 62% of respondents had minimally invasive procedures; 33% had cosmetic surgery.
  • Botulinum toxin A and liposuction were the most common procedures.
  • 90% reported high satisfaction; 88.2% chose a plastic surgeon.

Conclusions:

  • This survey offers insight into the cosmetic procedure attitudes of plastic surgeons.
  • It is the first study of its kind within this professional society.