Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The impact of narratives and active video games among black and hispanic children with overweight and obesity: a randomized controlled trial.

The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity·2025

Same author

Emergence of the natural history of Myhre syndrome: 47 patients evaluated in the Massachusetts General Hospital Myhre Syndrome Clinic (2016-2023).

American journal of medical genetics. Part A·2024

Same author

Growth Hormone Mediators and Glycemic Control in Youths With Type 2 Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA network open·2024

Same author

Genetic architecture and biology of youth-onset type 2 diabetes.

Nature metabolism·2024

Same author

When history, law, and medicine intersect.

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity·2023

Same author

Editorial: Childhood endocrine and genetic disorders: improving adult outcomes.

Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Published on: August 24, 2011

Neonatal hypoglycemia.

Sharon Straussman¹, Lynne L Levitsky

¹Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity

|December 3, 2009

Summary

Neonatal hypoglycemia, a common clinical finding, can cause brain damage. While a precise definition remains elusive, understanding hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is key to preventing long-term neurological harm in newborns.

Area of Science:

Neonatal Medicine
Pediatric Neurology
Endocrinology

Background:

Neonatal hypoglycemia poses risks for acute decompensation and long-term neuronal loss.
Understanding the causes of hypoglycemic brain damage and its link to hyperinsulinism is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in understanding neonatal hypoglycemia and its neurological consequences.
To explore the relationship between hypoglycemia, energy deficiency, and central nervous system damage.

Main Methods:

Review of recent consensus workshop findings on neonatal hypoglycemia.
Analysis of newer brain imaging modalities and laboratory studies.
Inclusion of new information on hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia from various origins.

More Related Videos

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Published on: May 16, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Biochemical Measurement of Neonatal Hypoxia

Published on: August 24, 2011

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Development of a Neonatal Piglet Acute Lung Injury Model Recreating the Early Environment of Preterm Infant Lungs

Published on: October 31, 2025

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

A Piglet Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

Published on: May 16, 2015

Main Results:

Little progress has been made toward a precise numerical definition of neonatal hypoglycemia.
Brain imaging and laboratory studies offer insights into neuronal energy deficiency and damage mechanisms.
New data exists on genetic, environmental, and iatrogenic causes of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

Conclusions:

The quantitative definition of neonatal hypoglycemia is challenging as it's a marker for CNS energy deficiency.
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is strongly linked to profound CNS energy deficiency and potential long-term damage.
Recognition of this link has shifted the management of hypoglycemia in neonates, informed by imaging and animal studies.