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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

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[Anatomic study on internal mammary artery perforator flap].

Yun Feng1, Wen-ting Li, Ping-zhang Tang

  • 1Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.

Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
|December 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) flap anatomy was studied. This flap provides a viable option for head and neck reconstruction, serving as an alternative to other common flaps.

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Area of Science:

  • Microsurgical anatomy
  • Vascular anatomy
  • Surgical reconstruction

Context:

  • Reconstruction of head and neck defects often requires versatile flaps.
  • The internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) flap is a potential option for such reconstructions.
  • Understanding the detailed anatomy of the IMAP flap is crucial for its successful application.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the anatomical characteristics of the internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) flap.
  • To analyze the morphology and vascular supply of the IMAP flap through microsurgical dissection.
  • To record key parameters including perforator number, type, diameter, course, and location.

Summary:

  • Dissections of five fresh cadavers revealed all 1st-4th IMAPs in ten specimens.

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  • Average IMAP artery/vein diameters were recorded, with the largest perforators typically being the first or second IMAP.
  • The angiosomal territory extended from the clavicle to the xiphisternum and from the midline to the anterior axillary fold.

    • Impact:

    • The internal mammary artery perforator (IMAP) flap presents a valuable alternative for head and neck defect reconstruction.
    • It can be considered alongside established methods like the deltopectoral and pectoralis major flaps.
    • This anatomical study provides essential data for surgeons considering IMAP flap utilization.