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Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents
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Snacking increased among U.S. adults between 1977 and 2006.

Carmen Piernas1, Barry M Popkin

  • 1Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

The Journal of Nutrition
|December 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Adult snacking in the US has significantly increased, with more frequent occasions and higher energy intake from snacks. This trend impacts overall diet and energy balance.

Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Public Health
  • Dietary Patterns

Background:

  • Limited knowledge existed regarding adult snacking trends in the United States.
  • Understanding snacking behavior is crucial for public health and dietary guidance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze patterns and trends in adult snacking in the US from 1977-1978 to 2003-2006.
  • To assess changes in snacking prevalence, frequency, energy contribution, and food sources.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from large-scale US surveys: NFCS (1977-1978), CSFII (1989-1991, 1994-1996), and NHANES (2003-2006).
  • Included 44,754 adults aged 19 and older, with weighted and adjusted data.
  • Defined a snacking event as food intake over 15 minutes, excluding snacks consumed during meals.

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Main Results:

  • Snacking prevalence rose significantly from 71% to 97% between 1977-1978 and 2003-2006.
  • Snacking occasions increased by 0.97 events, and snack contribution to total energy intake rose from 18% to 24%.
  • Energy density of snacks and consumption of desserts, salty snacks, candies, and sweetened beverages increased.

Conclusions:

  • Adult snacking has become nearly universal in the US, with significant increases in frequency and energy contribution.
  • Changes in snack composition suggest a shift towards more energy-dense options.
  • Further research is needed to understand the implications for energy imbalance and public health.