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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
DNA Packaging00:58

DNA Packaging

Overview
DNA Packaging00:58

DNA Packaging

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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells
11:20

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

Published on: June 3, 2012

Genome packaging in influenza A virus.

Edward C Hutchinson1, Johann C von Kirchbach, Julia R Gog

  • 1Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.

The Journal of General Virology
|December 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Influenza A virus assembly requires specific packaging of its eight RNA segments. Recent research confirms a selective mechanism ensures each virus particle receives a complete genome for infectivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Influenza A virus has a segmented negative-sense RNA genome encoding 12 proteins.
  • Genome segmentation provides evolutionary advantages but complicates viral assembly.
  • Ensuring incorporation of all eight unique RNA segments is critical for producing infectious virions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence supporting a specific RNA packaging mechanism in influenza A virus.
  • To discuss recent advancements in identifying viral RNA packaging signals.
  • To explore potential mechanisms of RNA segment selection during virion assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on influenza A virus assembly and RNA packaging.
  • Analysis of studies investigating viral RNA packaging signals.
  • Discussion of proposed models for selective RNA segment incorporation.

Main Results:

  • A consensus supports a specific mechanism for packaging one copy of each of the eight viral RNA segments.
  • The majority of influenza A virions contain no more than eight segments.
  • Specific packaging signals on viral RNAs are being identified.

Conclusions:

  • Influenza A virus employs a sophisticated mechanism to ensure the selective packaging of its segmented genome.
  • Understanding these packaging signals and mechanisms is key to deciphering viral assembly.
  • This selective process is crucial for the generation of infectious influenza virus particles.