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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1&#946; in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells
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Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1β in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells

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Inflammasomes: too big to miss.

Andrea Stutz1, Douglas T Golenbock, Eicke Latz

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|December 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Inflammation is a key immune response involving innate immune cells detecting harmful stimuli. This review details inflammasome activation, a process regulating caspase-1 and IL-1beta release during inflammation.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Inflammation is a critical immune response to infection or tissue damage.
  • Innate immune cells, equipped with signaling receptors, detect harmful stimuli.
  • These receptors recognize foreign molecules or altered self-molecules under stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding inflammatory reaction mechanisms.
  • To elucidate the molecular pathways leading to inflammasome activation.
  • To discuss the regulation of caspase-1 and IL-1beta maturation and release.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent progress in inflammation research.
  • Focus on molecular mechanisms of inflammatory responses.

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  • Analysis of inflammasome complex assembly and function.

    • Main Results:

    • Innate immune cells are central to inflammatory responses.
    • Signaling receptors detect diverse molecular triggers of inflammation.
    • Inflammasomes are key mediators regulating caspase-1 and IL-1beta.

    Conclusions:

    • Recent progress has significantly advanced the understanding of inflammatory mechanisms.
    • Inflammasome activation is a crucial step in initiating inflammatory responses.
    • The regulation of caspase-1 and IL-1beta by inflammasomes is vital for immune signaling.