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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization01:28

Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization

Prokaryotic genomes exhibit a streamlined organization of coding and non-coding regions essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. While coding regions contain the genetic instructions for proteins or functional RNAs, non-coding regions regulate the precise transcription and translation of these genes.Coding Regions: Proteins and RNAsThe primary coding regions, known as structural genes, include sequences transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately translated into...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons
10:24

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons

Published on: August 29, 2014

Exceptional structured noncoding RNAs revealed by bacterial metagenome analysis.

Zasha Weinberg1, Jonathan Perreault, Michelle M Meyer

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA.

Nature
|December 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Scientists discovered novel bacterial noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) using environmental DNA. These large, complex ncRNAs reveal new biochemical functions and highlight vast unexplored genetic diversity.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Next-generation Sequencing of 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Amplicons
10:24

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Published on: August 29, 2014

MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria
08:34

MS2-Affinity Purification Coupled with RNA Sequencing in Gram-Positive Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2021

AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs
05:12

AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs

Published on: February 2, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Bacterial DNA sequence databases represent a small fraction of total microbial genetic diversity.
  • Environmental DNA sequencing frequently uncovers novel proteins and RNA molecules.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of bacterial genomes commonly identifies new noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including riboswitches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discover novel ncRNAs with significant size and structural complexity comparable to known large ribozymes.
  • To identify abundant ncRNAs within bacterial genomes that were previously undetectable.
  • To explore the potential for discovering new RNA-based biochemical functions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an updated computational pipeline for ncRNA discovery.
  • Analyzed environmental DNA sequences from bacterial samples.
  • Focused on identifying RNAs with extensive sequence and structural conservation.

Main Results:

  • Discovered previously unknown ncRNAs rivaling large ribozymes in size and complexity.
  • Identified some of the most abundant ncRNAs in the studied bacteria.
  • These findings demonstrate the utility of environmental DNA for detecting rare or abundant ncRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental DNA sequencing is crucial for uncovering novel ncRNAs with exceptional characteristics.
  • Numerous large, structurally complex, or highly abundant ncRNAs remain undiscovered in unexplored sequence space.
  • The discovery of these ncRNAs suggests a broader range of biochemical functions mediated by RNA.