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Related Concept Videos

Catenins01:23

Catenins

Catenins are characterized by multiple binding domains and dynamic structures that allow them to function as linker proteins in cell junction complexes. All catenins, except α-catenin, contain a characteristic protein sequence called the armadillo repeat and are therefore also called armadillo proteins.
Catenins in Cell Junctions
Catenins bind to cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins and link them to different cytoskeletal proteins depending on the type of cell junction. At the adherens...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Allosteric Proteins-ATCase01:19

Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein's function.  For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor.
Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of L-aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to  N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. This reaction is the first step in pyrimidine biosynthesis. UTP and CTP, the end products of the pyrimidine synthesis pathway,...
Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

Anaphase Promoting Complex

The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a superfamily...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Fully Processed Recombinant KRAS4b: Isolating and Characterizing the Farnesylated and Methylated Protein
07:08

Fully Processed Recombinant KRAS4b: Isolating and Characterizing the Farnesylated and Methylated Protein

Published on: January 16, 2020

CAAX-box protein, prenylation process and carcinogenesis.

Juehua Gao1, Jie Liao, Guang-Yu Yang

  • 1Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

American Journal of Translational Research
|December 4, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Protein prenylation is vital for CAAX proteins, influencing cell functions and cancer development. Understanding this process offers new targets for cancer prevention and therapy.

Keywords:
CAAX box proteinsbiomarkerscarcinogenesisprenylationsignal transduction

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Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay
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Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Published on: May 3, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Fully Processed Recombinant KRAS4b: Isolating and Characterizing the Farnesylated and Methylated Protein
07:08

Fully Processed Recombinant KRAS4b: Isolating and Characterizing the Farnesylated and Methylated Protein

Published on: January 16, 2020

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay
12:26

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

Published on: May 3, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • CAAX proteins regulate essential cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and carcinogenesis.
  • Protein prenylation, a key signal transduction pathway, anchors CAAX proteins to cell membranes, crucial for their function.
  • Understanding prenylation mechanisms is vital for elucidating carcinogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prenylation process of clinically significant CAAX box proteins.
  • To explore the potential of CAAX protein prenylation as a biomarker for cancer.
  • To investigate CAAX protein prenylation as a preventive or therapeutic target in carcinogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on CAAX protein prenylation.
  • Analysis of signal transduction pathways involving protein prenylation.
  • Examination of the role of prenylation in cellular processes related to cancer.

Main Results:

  • Protein prenylation is essential for the membrane localization and function of CAAX proteins.
  • Dysregulation of prenylation pathways is implicated in the development of various cancers.
  • Specific CAAX proteins and their prenylation status show potential as cancer biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • CAAX protein prenylation is a critical process in cellular signaling and cancer development.
  • Targeting prenylation pathways offers promising strategies for cancer prevention and therapy.
  • Further research into CAAX protein prenylation could lead to novel biomarkers and treatments for cancer.