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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
Among the PDE5 inhibitors, sildenafil (Revatio) stands out as a competitive and selective inhibitor. It operates by elevating cellular levels of cGMP and augmenting signaling through the cGMP-PKG pathway, promoting vasodilation. Upon oral...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal secretions in common...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren syndrome.
Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation01:17

Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation

Sexual stimulation can take various forms, such as physical touch and visual or auditory cues. When this happens, the parasympathetic reflex in the sacral portion of the spinal cord is activated. This reflex stimulates the release of nitric oxide (NO), which then dilates the arterioles in the penis, increasing blood flow to the erectile tissues - the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
The blood filling the erectile tissues compresses the veins, which helps to prevent blood from leaving...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility
04:22

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility

Published on: May 30, 2025

Therapeutic options for postmenopausal female sexual dysfunction.

F Al-Azzawi1, J Bitzer, U Brandenburg

  • 1Gynaecology Research Unit, Victoria Building, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society
|December 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postmenopausal female sexual dysfunction (FSD) significantly impacts quality of life. Effective treatments, including non-pharmacological and hormonal therapies, are available to manage these sexual complaints.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility
04:22

Treatment Model for Young Patients with Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction and Resultant Infertility

Published on: May 30, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Women's Health
  • Sexual Medicine

Background:

  • Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a complex condition influenced by biological, psychological, and interpersonal factors.
  • Menopause is a significant risk factor for FSD, often requiring therapeutic intervention.
  • Hormonal deficiencies associated with menopause typically persist over time, necessitating ongoing management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies for postmenopausal FSD.
  • To provide practical management recommendations for healthcare providers treating women with sexual complaints.
  • To focus on the most relevant literature concerning postmenopausal sexual health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of key publications on postmenopausal FSD.
  • Analysis of both non-pharmacological (psychosocial) and pharmacological interventions.
  • Synthesis of evidence for current therapeutic options.

Main Results:

  • Psychosocial therapies, including counseling and psychosexual interventions, offer adaptable strategies.
  • Pharmacological options include hormone therapies like estrogens, testosterone, and tibolone.
  • A range of effective treatments are available for postmenopausal FSD.

Conclusions:

  • Menopause transition is a key risk factor for FSD, affecting quality of life.
  • Non-pharmacological approaches, emphasizing lifestyle and psychosexual therapy, are recommended first-line treatments.
  • Effective hormonal and non-hormonal therapies exist for managing persistent postmenopausal FSD.