Ethnic differences in electroencephalographic sleep patterns in adolescents

The purpose of the study was to evaluate ethnic differences in polysomnography measures in adolescents. Ninety-six volunteers from four ethnic groups (13 African-American, 18 Asian-American, 19 Mexican-American, and 46 Non-Hispanic White) were recruited. The subjects were in good physical and psychological health, and were asymptomatic with respect to sleep/wake complaints or sleep disorders. Polysomnography measures were collected on three consecutive nights. African-Americans manifested lower sleep efficiency, spent proportionately more time in stage 2 sleep, and had less stage 4 sleep compared to the other ethnic groups. In contrast to this, Mexican-Americans had more rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than their counterparts. The observed sleep patterns in the different ethnic groups persisted after controlling for specific demographic, clinical and psychosocial variables that are known to influence sleep measures. Gender had a differential effect on sleep patterns in the various ethnic groups. For instance, differences in non-REM sleep were more evident in African-American males, whereas increased REM sleep was most notable in Mexican-American females. At present, the clinical implications of the observed cross-ethnic differences in sleep physiology among adolescents are not clear. In previous studies, reduced sleep efficiency and stage 4 sleep, as well as increased REM sleep, were associated with psychopathology. It is not known whether the traditionally described sleep profiles, based largely on Non-Hispanic White populations, will generalize to other racial or ethnic groups. In addition to a systematic investigation of this issue, future research should attempt to identify the underlying causes for cross-ethnic variations in sleep physiology.