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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse
09:37

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse

Published on: December 26, 2019

APC, T cells, and the immune synapse.

Peter Reichardt1, Bastian Dornbach, Matthias Gunzer

  • 1Otto-von-Guericke University, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, D-39120, Magdeburg, Germany.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|December 5, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This review explores the immune synapse (IS), a communication platform between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). It details IS structures, signaling, and APC roles in T cell activation and differentiation, highlighting knowledge gaps.

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Published on: December 26, 2019

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09:25

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08:35

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Immune Synapse in the Human System Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • CD4(+) T cells interact with various cells during development and peripheral activation.
  • These interactions involve the formation of an immune synapse (IS), a crucial communication platform.
  • Understanding the IS is vital for comprehending T cell function and immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on immune synapses (IS) formed by CD4(+) T cells.
  • To examine the structure, signaling, and dynamics of the IS from both T cell and antigen-presenting cell (APC) perspectives.
  • To discuss the role of different APCs in T cell activation and differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on immune synapses.
  • Analysis of structural and signaling components of the IS.
  • Comparative discussion of various antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and their functions.

Main Results:

  • The IS is a dynamic platform facilitating T cell-APC communication.
  • Different APCs exhibit distinct features influencing T cell activation and differentiation outcomes.
  • Despite extensive research, significant areas regarding IS biology remain unexplored.

Conclusions:

  • The immune synapse is a complex structure critical for adaptive immunity.
  • Further research into the intricacies of IS formation and function, particularly involving diverse APCs, is warranted.
  • Unexplored aspects of IS biology promise exciting future discoveries in immunology.