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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male reproductive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Long-term Behavioral and Reproductive Consequences of Embryonic Exposure to Low-dose Toxicants
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Published on: March 6, 2018

Chronic boron exposure and human semen parameters.

Wendie A Robbins1, Lin Xun, Juan Jia

  • 1Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6919, USA. wrobbins@sonnet.ucla.edu

Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)
|December 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Occupational exposure to boron did not correlate with adverse semen parameters in workers. However, exposure levels exceeded previous occupational studies, warranting further investigation into reproductive safety.

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Published on: April 21, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Reproductive Toxicology
  • Occupational Medicine

Background:

  • Boron compounds, including borates, have industrial and medical uses.
  • Boric acid is a high-priority reproductive toxicant for occupational health studies.
  • Understanding boron's reproductive effects in humans is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess boron exposure levels in occupationally exposed workers.
  • To determine correlations between boron exposure and semen quality parameters.
  • To evaluate potential reproductive risks associated with occupational boron exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Collected boron exposure data from workplace dust, diet, blood, semen, and urine.
  • Measured semen parameters: total sperm count, concentration, motility, morphology, DNA breakage, apoptosis, and aneuploidy.
  • Compared boron levels in boron workers with two control groups (n=192) over three months.

Main Results:

  • Blood boron levels were significantly higher in boron workers (499.2 ppb) compared to controls (96.1 and 47.9 ppb).
  • Boron was found to concentrate in seminal fluid.
  • No significant correlations were observed between blood or urine boron levels and adverse semen parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Current occupational boron exposures in this study did not show a correlation with adverse semen parameters.
  • Exposures exceeded levels reported in previous occupational studies.
  • Further research is needed to establish safe exposure limits and long-term reproductive health effects.