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Related Concept Videos

Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

[Hard metal interstitial lung disease].

M Angeles Montero1, Javier de Gracia, Ferràn Morell

  • 1Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, España. mamontero@vhebron.net

Archivos De Bronconeumologia
|December 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Hard metal lung disease, a rare condition causing pulmonary fibrosis, can be diagnosed using scanning electron microscopy on lung tissue. This method aids in identifying hard metal exposure when other diagnoses are unclear.

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Toxicology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Hard metal lung disease (HMLD) is an uncommon occupational lung disease.
  • It is associated with exposure to hard metals and can mimic hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
  • The condition may progress to irreversible pulmonary fibrosis.

Observation:

  • Presents two cases of pulmonary fibrosis.
  • Diagnosis was challenging and required thorough patient history and tissue examination.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was crucial for identifying hard metal particles.

Findings:

  • SEM evaluation of wedge biopsies is a valuable diagnostic tool for HMLD.
  • This technique helps in cases where the diagnosis remains uncertain after initial assessments.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

  • Confirms the presence of hard metal particles in lung tissue.

    • Implications:

    • Highlights the utility of SEM in diagnosing occupational lung diseases.
    • Emphasizes the importance of considering HMLD in patients with unexplained pulmonary fibrosis.
    • Suggests SEM as a key method for identifying causative agents in difficult diagnostic scenarios.