Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

Depression: Overview

Depression: Overview

Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...

Long-term Depression

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cognitive Behavioral Immersion for Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Virtual Reality and Flat-Screen Delivery.

Journal of medical Internet research·2026

Same author

Dysfunctional attitudes in cognitive-behavioral therapy and antidepressant pharmacotherapy for adult depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data.

Journal of consulting and clinical psychology·2026

Same author

A novel sequential ketamine and D-cycloserine/lurasidone therapy for bipolar depression with acute suicidal ideation.

Expert opinion on investigational drugs·2026

Same author

Association between anxious depression and clinical outcomes in subjects with treatment-resistant depression: a comparative effectiveness research trial for antidepressant incomplete and non-responders with treatment-resistant depression (ASCERTAIN-TRD).

International clinical psychopharmacology·2026

Same author

Psilocybin in the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA network open·2026

Same author

The American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology (ASCP) task force on the deprescribing of psychotropic medications for mood disorders: Delphi expert consensus.

The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Published on: September 23, 2021

Depressive realism and clinical depression.

Richard C Carson¹, Steven D Hollon, Richard C Shelton

¹Department of Psychology, Fisk University, USA.

Behaviour Research and Therapy

|December 8, 2009

Summary

Depressive realism theory is challenged by new findings. Major depressive disorder patients showed biased, negative judgments of control, not enhanced accuracy, contrary to prior research.

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Psychopathology

Background:

Depressive realism posits depressed individuals have more accurate control judgments.
Previous studies often used nonclinical samples, limiting generalizability.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate control judgments in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients.
To test the depressive realism hypothesis in a clinical population.

Main Methods:

Compared control judgments of MDD patients and nondepressed controls.
Utilized contingent and noncontingent reinforcement situations.
Assessed heuristic use in judgment formation.

Main Results:

MDD patients underestimated control in contingent situations.

More Related Videos

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Animal Models of Depression - Chronic Despair Model (CDM)

Published on: September 23, 2021

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

MDD patients exhibited more negative judgments overall.

MDD patients' apparent accuracy stemmed from negative bias and incorrect heuristic application.

Conclusions:

Findings do not support depressive realism in MDD.
Depressed patients demonstrate characteristic negative distortions in control judgments.
Clinical depression involves cognitive biases, not enhanced realism.