Microglial progenitors with a high proliferative potential in the embryonic and adult mouse brain

Single cell suspensions, prepared from brain stem, cerebellum, and forebrain parenchyma of embryonic and adult mice, were plated on monolayers of an astroglial cell line derived from a spontaneously immortalized mouse cerebellar culture, the D19 clone. A few of the brain cells adhering to the D19 monolayers were immunoreactive to the Mac-1 antibody, which labels all cells of the monocytic and granulocytic lineages. The Mac-1-positive cells proliferated vigorously and later most of them acquired the F4/80 epitope specific for macrophages and microglia cells. Studies in clonal conditions allowed development of large colonies of about 2 x 10(5) cells that expressed typical microglia markers. Bone marrow Mac-1-positive cells cocultured on D19 monolayers were also induced to proliferate, whereas peritoneal macrophages were not. D19 astrocytes express macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) activity at a high level, and their conditioned media induced the proliferation of brain and bone marrow Mac-1-positive cells. A specific anti-CSF-1 antiserum completely blocked bone marrow macrophage progenitor proliferation and significantly reduced the multiplication of microglial precursors induced by the D19-conditioned medium. These data indicate that the embryonic and adult mouse brain parenchyma contains potential progenitors for microglial cells.