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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Incomplete Dominance01:43

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses
10:13

Tailoring In Vivo Cytotoxicity Assays to Study Immunodominance in Tumor-specific CD8+ T Cell Responses

Published on: May 6, 2019

A shooting algorithm for complex immunodominance control problems.

Xiaopeng Zhao1, Ruoting Yang, Mingjun Zhang

  • 1Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 37996, USA. xzhao9@utk.edu

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
|December 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The immune system

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Computational Biology
  • Mathematical Biology

Background:

  • T cells recognize diverse peptides but often focus on a few, a phenomenon called immunodominance.
  • Understanding immunodominance is crucial for predicting and manipulating immune responses.
  • Optimal control principles can model the mathematical basis of immunodominance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a numerical algorithm for solving bounded optimal control problems.
  • To apply this algorithm to study immunodominance problems in the immune system.
  • To investigate the strategies the immune system employs for immunodominance.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of immunodominance as a two-point boundary-value problem using optimal control.
  • Development of a numerical algorithm based on the shooting technique for bounded optimal control.
  • Application and simulation of the algorithm to immunodominance scenarios.

Main Results:

  • The developed shooting algorithm effectively solves bounded optimal control problems.
  • Numerical simulations demonstrate that the immune system utilizes either broad or specific immunodominance strategies.
  • The chosen strategy depends on varying optimization goals within the immune system.

Conclusions:

  • The shooting algorithm provides a robust method for analyzing immunodominance.
  • The immune system's choice of immunodominance strategy is goal-dependent.
  • This numerical approach has broader applicability to other complex optimal control problems.