An investigation of tissue-temperature elevation caused by recharging of transcutaneous neuromodulation devices

Heat transfer associated with the electrical recharging of transcutaneous neuromodulation devices was investigated by a combination of experimentation and numerical simulation. The investigation was performed for the most commonly used neuromodulation systems. Temperature elevations within perfused tissue were obtained. For one selected device, it is shown that temperature elevations are sufficiently moderate so as not to cause concern of injury.