Tackling vision-related disability in old age: an application of the life-span theory of control to narrative data

This study used the life-span theory of control (Heckhausen, J., & Schulz, R.) to examine adaptation to disability in old age. A narrative approach to data collection was used to assess the strategies employed by 364 older adults with macular degeneration to deal with daily challenges. Findings revealed a rich array of strategies. Compensatory Primary Control was reported by nearly all respondents, Compensatory Secondary Control by a majority, and Selective Primary Control by half of the participants. Selective Secondary Control was the least reported. Differences in strategy use depending on level of vision impairment were the most pronounced within the category of Compensatory Primary Control for strategies that involved using help from others and alternative means. Within the category of Selective Secondary Control, effort to maintain a positive outlook was associated with higher impairment levels, whereas within the category of Compensatory Secondary Control, attempts not to dwell on problems related to vision were associated with lower impairment levels. Implications for conceptual development and future research are discussed.