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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Variability: Analysis01:11

Variability: Analysis

Measures of variability are statistical metrics that reveal the dispersion pattern within a dataset. They are pivotal in biostatistics, providing insights into the heterogeneity within health and biological data. Variability signifies the degree to which data points diverge from one another, helping researchers understand the potential range of values and associated uncertainty within the data.
The range is a simple measure of variability, indicating the difference between the highest and...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and 'exit' via the...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...

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Bergmeyer Glucose Quantification for Microbiological Samples
07:23

Bergmeyer Glucose Quantification for Microbiological Samples

Published on: January 17, 2025

Glucose variability; does it matter?

Sarah E Siegelaar1, Frits Holleman, Joost B L Hoekstra

  • 1Academic Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Room F4-255, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.e.siegelaar@amc.uva.nl

Endocrine Reviews
|December 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lowering glucose is key for diabetes, but glucose variability’s role is debated. Current evidence doesn't support targeting glucose variability separately from lowering mean glucose.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Glycemic control is crucial for diabetes management, impacting microvascular and macrovascular outcomes.
  • Significant daily glucose fluctuations (glucose variability) exist even with similar average glucose levels.
  • The pathophysiological role of glucose variability remains under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods for measuring glucose variability.
  • To examine the relationship between glucose variability, oxidative stress, and diabetic complications.
  • To assess the role of glucose variability in mortality and hypoglycemia prediction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on glucose variability measurement.
  • Analysis of research linking glucose variability to oxidative stress in experimental and real-world settings.
  • Evaluation of evidence correlating glucose variability with microvascular/macrovascular complications and mortality.

Main Results:

  • In vitro and animal studies suggest a link between glucose variability and oxidative stress.
  • Real-world human studies show inconsistent associations between short-term glucose variability and oxidative stress or microvascular complications.
  • Some evidence suggests long-term glycemic variability may relate to microvascular issues in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
  • A clear link between short-term glucose variability and mortality is mainly seen in critically ill non-diabetic patients.
  • Glucose variability may aid in predicting severe hypoglycemia.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence is insufficient to recommend targeting glucose variability independently of lowering mean glucose.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the role of glucose variability in diabetes pathophysiology and complications.
  • Clinical strategies should prioritize overall glycemic control while avoiding hypoglycemia.