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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

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Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Recognizing and responding to hyperglycaemic emergencies.

Maria Kisiel¹, Lorraine Marsons

¹Critical Care, Birmingham City, Univeristy, Birmingham, UK.

British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)

|December 8, 2009

Summary

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are serious diabetic emergencies. Understanding their complex physiological mechanisms is crucial for healthcare professionals to confidently diagnose and manage these life-threatening conditions effectively.

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Internal Medicine
Medical Education

Background:

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) are acute, life-threatening diabetic emergencies.
Both conditions are characterized by severe hyperglycemia and require prompt recognition and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the complexity of understanding the physiological mechanisms behind DKA and HHS.
To emphasize the role of health educators in improving clinical recognition and management of these emergencies.

Main Methods:

The abstract discusses the challenges in clinical practice regarding DKA and HHS.
It emphasizes the importance of pedagogical approaches in medical education.

Main Results:

While common signs like polyuria and polydipsia are recognized, the underlying pathophysiology is complex.
Effective management hinges on a deep understanding of physiological derangements.

Conclusions:

Health educators are vital in contextualizing complex concepts like DKA and HHS.
Improved understanding leads to greater confidence and competence in clinical practice for managing diabetic emergencies.