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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect to...
Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...
Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.

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Enabling Real-Time Compensation in Fast Photochemical Oxidations of Proteins for the Determination of Protein Topography Changes
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Quantification of hydroxyl radical produced during phacoemulsification.

Jonathan M Gardner1, Steven D Aust

  • 1Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Utah State University, Logan, 84322-0300, USA.

Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
|December 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Hydroxyl radical production during cataract surgery phacoemulsification depends on ultrasound power and irrigating solutions. Using solutions with organic molecules, like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, can minimize oxidative stress on the eye.

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Published on: February 15, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Phacoemulsification is a common cataract surgery technique.
  • Oxidative stress is a concern during surgical procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify hydroxyl radical production during phacoemulsification.
  • To assess the impact of irrigating solutions and power settings on radical production.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an Infiniti Vision System phacoemulsifier.
  • Quantified hydroxyl radicals using electron spin resonance and malondialdehyde assay.

Main Results:

  • Hydroxyl radical production increased non-linearly with ultrasound power.
  • Organic molecules in irrigating solutions, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, reduced radical detection.

Conclusions:

  • Hydroxyl radical production is influenced by ultrasound power and irrigating solution composition.
  • Minimizing oxidative stress during phacoemulsification may be achieved using specific irrigating solutions.