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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Toxicokinetics: Overview01:21

Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...

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Ecotoxicological Methodologies to Evaluate Biomarkers at Different Scales in Neotropical Anurans
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Published on: April 28, 2023

Understanding toxicity as processes in time.

Jan Baas1, Tjalling Jager, Bas Kooijman

  • 1Vrije Universiteit of Amsterdam, Department of Theoretical Biology, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

The Science of the Total Environment
|December 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ecotoxicology studies often use fixed exposure times, but toxicity is a process that changes over time. Accounting for these time-dependent toxicity patterns is crucial for accurate environmental risk assessment and understanding chemical effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecotoxicology
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Risk Assessment

Background:

  • Standard ecotoxicological studies often use fixed exposure durations, neglecting the dynamic nature of toxic effects.
  • Current exposure time selection is often arbitrary, not considering chemical properties or organism-specific responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss time-dependent toxicity patterns for key ecotoxicological endpoints: growth, reproduction, and survival.
  • To highlight the potential for bias in environmental risk assessment due to ignoring temporal toxicity dynamics.
  • To recommend adjustments in testing durations for more accurate toxicity evaluations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of typical temporal patterns in toxic effects for growth, reproduction, and survival endpoints.
  • Examination of time-dependent concentration-response relationships, particularly for EC(x) values.
  • Review of existing literature on time-dependent toxicity of chemical mixtures.

Main Results:

  • Toxic effects, especially EC(x) values for sublethal endpoints, exhibit distinct temporal patterns.
  • Ignoring time-dependency in toxicity can lead to significant bias in environmental risk assessments.
  • Survival endpoint testing should extend to the incipient LC(50) to capture full toxicological profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Toxicity is a time-dependent process that significantly influences ecotoxicological outcomes.
  • Accurate environmental risk assessment requires incorporating time-dependent toxicity data.
  • Future research should focus on time-resolved toxicity of both single chemicals and mixtures.