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MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Published on: June 6, 2025

Evidence for microRNA-mediated regulation in rheumatic diseases.

X Luo¹, L M Tsai, N Shen

¹Joint Molecular Rheumatology Laboratory of the Institute ofHealth Sciences and Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

|December 10, 2009

Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and are key players in rheumatic diseases. Altered miRNA expression in patients and animal models indicates their critical role in autoimmune disease development.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

An Adoptive Transfer Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mice

Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Immunology
Genetics

Background:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression by affecting mRNA stability and translation.
miRNAs control crucial biological processes, including immune responses and inflammation.
Dysregulation of miRNAs is implicated in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances on the role of miRNAs in rheumatic diseases.
To highlight miRNA involvement in regulating key pathogenic molecules and immune cells.
To discuss future research directions and clinical applications of miRNAs in rheumatology.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on miRNAs in rheumatic diseases.
Analysis of experimental evidence from animal models of autoimmune diseases.
Examination of clinical data on miRNA expression in rheumatoid patients.

Main Results:

miRNAs regulate major pathogenic molecules like tumor necrosis factor and signaling pathways such as the type I interferon pathway.
miRNA dysregulation is linked to autoimmune diseases in animal models (e.g., Dicer, Drasha, Roquin mutations, miR-146a, miR-17-92 cluster).
Differential expression of immunity-regulating miRNAs is observed in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Conclusions:

miRNAs are critical regulators in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases.
Understanding miRNA-mediated regulation offers insights into disease mechanisms.
miRNAs hold potential for diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis in rheumatic diseases.