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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
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Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
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Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Geoid and Ellipsoid01:28

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The Earth's shape is best described as an ellipsoid, a slightly flattened sphere created by rotating an ellipse around its minor axis. This flattening results in the polar axis being about 21 kilometers shorter than the equatorial axis. In contrast, the geoid represents the Earth's gravitational shape and aligns with the mean sea level (MSL). The geoid is an irregular equipotential surface where gravity is perpendicular at every point. Variations in Earth's mass distribution cause geoid...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Investigating the Relationship between Sea Surface Chlorophyll and Major Features of the South China Sea with Satellite Information
10:28

Investigating the Relationship between Sea Surface Chlorophyll and Major Features of the South China Sea with Satellite Information

Published on: June 13, 2020

Global sea level linked to global temperature.

Martin Vermeer1, Stefan Rahmstorf

  • 1Department of Surveying, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 1200, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland. martin.vermeer@tkk.fi

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Global sea-level rise is strongly linked to global mean temperature. This validated relationship accurately predicts future sea-level changes based on climate scenarios.

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Area of Science:

  • Earth System Science
  • Climate Science
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • Global sea levels have shown significant variations over decadal to centennial timescales.
  • Understanding the drivers of sea-level change is crucial for climate change impact assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish and validate a simple relationship between global mean temperature and global sea-level variations.
  • To project future sea-level rise based on established climate models and scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a relationship linking global sea-level variations to global mean temperature.
  • Tested the relationship using synthetic data from a global climate model (past millennium and next century).
  • Validated the relationship with observed sea level and temperature data (1880-2000), incorporating anthropogenic hydrologic contributions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a correlation greater than 0.99 between the proposed relationship and observed data (1880-2000).
  • The model explained 98% of the variance in sea-level changes during the observed period.
  • Projected a sea-level rise of 75 to 190 cm for 1990-2100 based on IPCC Fourth Assessment Report temperature scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • A simple, robust relationship effectively links global mean temperature and sea-level variations.
  • The validated model provides reliable projections for future sea-level rise under different climate scenarios.
  • Findings highlight the critical impact of global temperature on future sea-level changes.