Protamines and other basic proteins from spermatozoa of molluscs

The basic proteins obtained from spermatozoa of different species of the phylum Mollusca have been extracted and fractionated. The amino acid analysis and electrophoretic mobility of these proteins show a considerable variation in the types and relative amounts of the components present in different species. In some case-(Gibbula, Haliotis, Loligo, Octopus) the main components are similar to the protamines found in the salmonid fishes, although they appear to be larger in size (40-80 amino acids) and show significant differences in amino acid composition. In other cases (Mytilus, Chiton) a complex mixture of proteins is present, which including somatic-like histones and proteins intermediate in size and composition betweeln protamines and histones. Other molluscs (Ostrea, Spisula, Patella) also contain proteins intermediate in composition between protamines and histones, but their molecular weight appears to be larger than in histones. In Eledone a complex mixture of proteins containing cystine is obtained, with some components rich in arginine. In most species, somatic-like histones are also present. Their type and relative amount are different in each species. The significance of these results towards an understanding of the evolutionary history of these proteins is discussed. It is suggested that these proteins evolved from histone precursors.