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Related Concept Videos

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
Three-Dimensional Microscopy in Microbiology01:28

Three-Dimensional Microscopy in Microbiology

Three-dimensional imaging techniques are essential in cell biology, allowing researchers to visualize intricate cellular structures with high resolution. Two prominent methods, Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC) and Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM), provide distinct advantages for imaging live and thick specimens, respectively.Differential Interference Contrast MicroscopyDIC microscopy enhances contrast in transparent, unstained samples by converting phase...
Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy01:37

Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been developed.
Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy01:18

Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
In optical microscopy, the specimen to be viewed is placed on a glass slide and clipped on the stage...
Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Monitoring Tumor Metastases and Osteolytic Lesions with Bioluminescence and Micro CT Imaging
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Monitoring Tumor Metastases and Osteolytic Lesions with Bioluminescence and Micro CT Imaging

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New light on molecular and materials complexity: 4D electron imaging.

Dmitry Shorokhov1, Ahmed H Zewail

  • 1Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory for Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

4D electron imaging provides unprecedented insights into dynamic processes. This technique visualizes structural changes at atomic and nanoscale resolutions across space and time, advancing materials and biological sciences.

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Monitoring Tumor Metastases and Osteolytic Lesions with Bioluminescence and Micro CT Imaging
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • Biology

Background:

  • Traditional microscopy offers 3D spatial information.
  • Understanding dynamic processes requires temporal resolution.
  • Existing techniques lack atomic-scale temporal resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the capabilities of 4D electron imaging.
  • To review applications of 4D electron imaging.
  • To provide an outlook on future developments.

Main Methods:

  • 4D electron imaging techniques (microscopy, diffraction, electron-energy-loss spectroscopy).
  • Incorporation of the time dimension into electron-based methods.
  • Achieving atomic and nanoscale resolution in four dimensions (space and time).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated visualization of dynamic processes.
  • Applications shown in chemical reactions, molecular interfaces, phase transitions, and nano(micro)mechanical systems.
  • Enabled direct observation of structural dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • 4D electron imaging is a powerful tool for studying dynamic phenomena.
  • Emerging developments promise broader applications in science.
  • Future research will leverage 4D electron imaging in materials and biological sciences.