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Related Concept Videos

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

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Published on: April 26, 2019

Interindividual variation in functionally adapted trait sets is established during postnatal growth and predictable

Nirnimesh Pandey1, Siddharth Bhola, Andrew Goldstone

  • 1Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone strength traits in children are established by age two, influenced by early growth patterns. These traits, predictable by bone robustness, impact fracture risk differently with age.

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Published on: December 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Human skeletal biology
  • Pediatric bone development
  • Biomechanical adaptation

Background:

  • Adult bone traits are linked to strength and fragility.
  • The developmental timing of these bone traits is not well understood.
  • Understanding early bone development is crucial for assessing fracture risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine when and how individual bone trait sets emerge during childhood.
  • To investigate the relationship between bone robustness and structural changes in the metacarpal diaphysis.
  • To explore sex-based differences in bone morphology during prepubertal growth.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal analysis of metacarpal diaphysis structure in children aged 3 months to 8 years.
  • Utilized hand radiographs from the Bolton-Brush collection.
  • Measured bone robustness, relative cortical area, and growth efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Bone robustness established by age two, indicating early genetic and environmental influences.
  • Robustness correlated negatively with cortical area and positively with growth efficiency.
  • Boys and girls exhibit distinct metacarpal morphology, with girls having more slender bones and thicker cortices.

Conclusions:

  • Coordination of bone surfaces shapes trait sets, predictable by robustness.
  • Functional adaptation regulates bone development, with implications for fracture risk.
  • Differential effects of aging on bone structure necessitate considering robustness and sex.