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Typical Model Studies01:30

Typical Model Studies

Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.
Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway01:21

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

Scaled hydraulic models of dam spillways provide a practical way to replicate and study the intricate flow dynamics of these structures. Often built to a 1:15 ratio, these models allow for observing critical water behavior, such as velocity distribution, flow patterns, and energy dissipation.
Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

Rapidly Varying Flow

Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
Flow Table Test01:12

Flow Table Test

The flow table test is an established method used to assess the workability of concrete, particularly useful for evaluating highly flowable concrete mixes. This test employs an apparatus that consists of a wooden board topped with a steel plate, collectively weighing 35 pounds. The board is connected to a base via a hinge and measures 27.6 inches on each side.
Concrete is placed within a truncated cone mold that is 8 inches high with an 8-inch base diameter and a 5-inch top diameter. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs
10:06

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

Published on: July 2, 2020

Multiple well-shutdown tests and site-scale flow simulation in fractured rocks.

Claire R Tiedeman1, Pierre J Lacombe, Daniel J Goode

  • 1U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. tiedeman@usgs.gov

Ground Water
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A novel well-shutdown method for aquifer testing in fractured rock groundwater systems was developed. This technique effectively contains contaminants during testing, proving successful in real-world applications.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs
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Published on: November 20, 2014

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Published on: June 28, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Hydrogeology
  • Environmental Engineering
  • Geoscience

Background:

  • Groundwater contamination in fractured rock poses significant challenges for containment and remediation.
  • Traditional aquifer tests can exacerbate contamination spread and compromise hydraulic containment.
  • Pump-and-treat (P&T) operations are common for managing groundwater contaminants but require effective testing methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a new method for conducting aquifer tests in fractured-rock flow systems with P&T operations.
  • To demonstrate the advantages of temporary well shutdowns for aquifer testing.
  • To analyze the effectiveness of this method at a contaminated site with complex geology.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a well-shutdown test method involving temporary deactivation of individual pumps in a P&T system.
  • Applied the method at the former Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) site, characterizing site-scale subsurface geology.
  • Utilized a three-dimensional MODFLOW model with inverse methods (UCODE_2005) for data analysis, employing a deterministic approach for hydraulic conductivity.

Main Results:

  • The well-shutdown test method proved successful in simulating aquifer behavior in fractured sedimentary rocks.
  • A deterministic approach for representing heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity within an equivalent porous media model was effective.
  • Inverse methods enabled simultaneous calibration of the model to multiple shutdown tests, enhancing analytical accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The developed well-shutdown test method offers a viable alternative for aquifer testing in fractured rock P&T systems.
  • The study challenges the notion that only stochastic or discrete fracture models are suitable for fractured rock hydrogeology.
  • This approach minimizes additional contaminant withdrawal and maintains hydraulic containment during testing.