Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Patient-reported outcomes of sleep, mood and quality of life after treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection using direct-acting antiviral agents.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2020
Same author

Cardiac effects of Ledipasvir plus sofosbuvir for Hepatitis C treatment in thalassemia: <b>PS067</b>.

Porto biomedical journal·2020
Same author

Letter: the efficacy of interferon-free regimens in HCV-related Child C cirrhosis needs careful interpretation.

Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics·2017
Same author

Needlestick injury against viral hepatitis elimination.

The Journal of hospital infection·2017
Same author

Decreasing the hepatitis B burden in Tunisia need more attention to adults for vaccination.

Epidemiology and infection·2017
Same author

Awareness Campaign in (bio)Medical Students in Iran: a model for increasing the knowledge regarding hepatitis B and C.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2016
Same journal

Monitoring of the Cascade of Care in Patients With Chronic HBV in Primary Care Clinics in Australia.

Journal of viral hepatitis·2026
Same journal

HERACLIS_BLV_D: Adherence to Real-Life Therapy With Bulevirtide in Chronic Hepatitis D.

Journal of viral hepatitis·2026
Same journal

Assessing the Utility of Shortened Read Time of the Abbott Bioline HCV Test to Predict Viremia.

Journal of viral hepatitis·2026
Same journal

Cardiac MRI Identifies Subclinical Myocardial Tissue Abnormalities in Individuals With Hepatitis C Regardless of Myocardial Damage Markers or Fibrosis Stage.

Journal of viral hepatitis·2026
Same journal

Drug Use and Social Connectivity Related to Hepatitis C Infection Among Rural People Who Use Drugs.

Journal of viral hepatitis·2026
Same journal

Genotypes of Hepatitis B and D Viruses Among Patients With Hepatitis D in the United States.

Journal of viral hepatitis·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Hepatitis B virus: origin and evolution.

S M Jazayeri1, S M Alavian, W F Carman

  • 1Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. jazayerism@tums.ac.ir

Journal of Viral Hepatitis
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) evolution involves complex molecular variants and quasispecies. Understanding HBV origin and genotype correlations aids in tracing human migration patterns and historical epidemiology.

More Related Videos

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
09:02

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
09:02

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) pathogenesis is intricate, with molecular variants contributing to disease complexity.
  • HBV replication generates heterogeneous quasispecies due to error-prone production within infected hosts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review controversies surrounding the origin of Hepatitis B virus.
  • To explore factors influencing HBV quasispecies diversity.
  • To examine the correlation between HBV genotypes, human history, and migration patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing research on HBV.
  • Genetic analysis of HBV strains to infer evolutionary pathways.
  • Epidemiological data interpretation to understand historical spread.

Main Results:

  • HBV quasispecies are heterogeneous, complicating direct evolutionary studies.
  • Indirect inference of HBV evolution relies on epidemiology and genetic analysis.
  • Evidence suggests correlations between HBV genotypes and human historical movements.

Conclusions:

  • The origin and evolution of HBV are complex and require further investigation.
  • Understanding HBV quasispecies dynamics is crucial for comprehending viral evolution.
  • HBV genotype distribution offers insights into past human migrations and population dynamics.