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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...
Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells01:19

Clinical Applications of Epidermal Stem Cells

Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own EpiSCs...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Desmosomes01:05

Desmosomes

The term desmosome derives from the Greek words "desmo" and "soma" meaning "adhesion bodies." This structure was first observed during the late 1800s and described as small, dense nodules in the epidermis. Desmosomes are button-like structures that help form an interlinked network of intermediate filaments across the cells. These junctions are  essential to hold cells together under mechanical stress and to maintain tissue integrity. Desmosomes are multi-protein complexes comprising desmosomal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin
10:42

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin

Published on: December 22, 2017

Broad defects in epidermal cornification in atopic dermatitis identified through genomic analysis.

Emma Guttman-Yassky1, Mayte Suárez-Fariñas, Andrea Chiricozzi

  • 1Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) share skin barrier defects, but AD shows significant defects in keratinocyte differentiation and cornified envelope formation, impacting skin barrier function and disease pathogenesis.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin
10:42

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin

Published on: December 22, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD) are common inflammatory skin conditions.
  • Both diseases involve immune cell infiltration and altered epidermal growth, alongside a compromised skin barrier.
  • Differences between psoriasis and AD are not fully understood, hindering comparisons with animal models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare gene expression in psoriasis and AD skin lesions.
  • Focus on genes involved in epidermal growth, differentiation, and inflammatory pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic profiling of mRNA was performed on skin lesions from patients with chronic psoriasis (n=15) and AD (n=18).
  • Normal human skin (n=15) served as a control group.

Main Results:

  • Distinct immune profiles (T(H)1, T(H)2, T(H)17) were observed, aiding disease classification.
  • Significant differences were found in epidermal differentiation programs, offering precise classification.
  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) skin lesions exhibited defective keratinocyte terminal differentiation, particularly in cornified envelope formation (e.g., loricrin at 2% of normal levels).
  • Ultrastructural analysis of AD lesions revealed a compromised cornified envelope with reduced corneocyte compaction and intercellular lipids.

Conclusions:

  • While both psoriasis and AD exhibit barrier dysfunction, their epidermal differentiation pathways are distinct.
  • These differences in epidermal differentiation have significant implications for the primary pathogenesis of each disease.