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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Modified In Vivo Matrix Gel Plug Assay for Angiogenesis Studies

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Published on: June 30, 2023

Pathways mediating VEGF-independent tumor angiogenesis.

Napoleone Ferrara¹

¹Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. nf@gene.com <nf@gene.com>

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews

|December 17, 2009

Summary

Resistance to anti-VEGF therapies in cancer and macular degeneration limits treatment efficacy. This review explores tumor and stromal cell pathways contributing to resistance, aiding biomarker development for better patient selection.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Ophthalmology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) inhibitors have advanced cancer and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) treatments.
Therapeutic resistance to anti-VEGF drugs is a significant clinical challenge, leading to disease progression.
The absence of predictive biomarkers hinders patient stratification for anti-VEGF therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the molecular pathways involved in tumor growth and resistance to anti-VEGF therapies.
To investigate the contribution of both tumor and non-tumor (stromal) cells to anti-VEGF drug refractoriness.
To highlight the need for predictive biomarkers in anti-VEGF treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on VEGF pathway inhibitors.
Analysis of research on tumor cell-intrinsic resistance mechanisms.
Examination of stromal cell-mediated pathways influencing therapeutic response.

Main Results:

Both tumor and stromal cell-derived pathways play critical roles in the development of resistance to anti-VEGF therapies.
Understanding these pathways is essential for overcoming treatment failure.
Identifying specific biomarkers from these pathways could improve patient outcomes.

Conclusions:

Resistance to anti-VEGF therapies is multifactorial, involving both malignant and microenvironmental components.
Further research into tumor and stromal cell pathways is crucial for developing effective resistance-breaking strategies.
Development of predictive biomarkers is necessary for personalized anti-VEGF treatment approaches.