Evolution of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method.

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Environmental Chemistry

Background:

• Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a popular, environmentally benign sample preparation technique.
• It offers advantages such as speed, low cost, ease of operation, high enrichment factors, and minimal organic solvent consumption.
• DLLME significantly reduces the acceptor-to-donor phase ratio compared to traditional solvent extraction methods.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and encourage further development of DLLME.
• To discuss DLLME's integration with various analytical techniques.
• To summarize DLLME's applications with different extraction methods and sample matrices.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on DLLME.
• Discussion of DLLME coupled with Gas Chromatography (GC), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ET AAS).
• Summary of DLLME applications combined with Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE), Solidification of Floating Organic Drop (SFO), and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE).

Main Results:

• DLLME demonstrates versatility across diverse analytical techniques and extraction methodologies.
• Successful application of DLLME in complex matrices like food, biological fluids, and solid samples.
• Recent advancements and specific sample preparation strategies for DLLME are presented.

Conclusions:

• DLLME is a highly adaptable and effective sample preparation technique.
• The review highlights DLLME's potential for broader application and further innovation.
• Limitations of DLLME are discussed, alongside an outlook for future research and development.