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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...
Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
The Arch of Aorta01:10

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model
05:12

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model

Published on: September 4, 2017

Brain stem cavernous malformations.

Abel Po-Hao Huang1, Jui-Sheng Chen, Chi-Cheng Yang

  • 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 7 Chung Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan.

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain stem cavernous malformations (BSCM) surgery offers improved outcomes for many patients. Careful patient selection is crucial for successful resection, as non-operative management carries significant risks.

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Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
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Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model
05:12

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model

Published on: September 4, 2017

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
14:58

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Brain stem cavernous malformations (BSCM) are vascular malformations with a risk of hemorrhage.
  • Understanding the natural history and surgical outcomes of BSCM is critical for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the natural history of brain stem cavernous malformations.
  • To identify factors influencing surgical outcomes in BSCM patients.
  • To compare operative versus non-operative management of BSCM.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 30 patients with BSCM treated between 1983 and 2005.
  • Analysis of clinical data, imaging, operative records, and follow-up results.
  • Average follow-up duration of 48.5 months.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-two patients underwent surgical extirpation, with 86.4% improving or stabilizing and 13.6% experiencing severe morbidity; no mortality occurred.
  • Factors influencing surgical outcome included lesion size, preoperative status, and timing of surgery.
  • In the non-operative group, 50% remained stable or improved, while 25% deteriorated and 25% died.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical resection of BSCM can be achieved with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates.
  • Appropriate patient selection is key to successful surgical outcomes.
  • Operative management offers a better alternative to non-operative treatment for BSCM, given the lesion's natural history.