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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
Pyruvate Oxidation01:15

Pyruvate Oxidation

After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
First, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate and releases it as carbon dioxide. The stripped molecule is then oxidized and releases electrons, which are then picked up by NAD+...
Peroxisomes01:30

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound cellular organelle that can perform several different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. The enzymes within peroxisomes...
Chemiosmosis01:32

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane that undergo a series of redox reactions. At the end of this chain, the electrons reduce...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers
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High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers

Published on: October 26, 2021

Gases in the mitochondria.

Pamela B L Pun1, Jia Lu, Enci M Kan

  • 1Combat Care Laboratory, Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, #12-00, Singapore 117510, Singapore. u0402652@alumni.nus.edu.sg <u0402652@alumni.nus.edu.sg>

Mitochondrion
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Gasomodulators like nitric oxide impact mitochondria, affecting cell energy and survival. This review explores their complex roles in cellular functions and disease.

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Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers
09:53

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers

Published on: October 26, 2021

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue
09:27

Isolation and Functional Analysis of Mitochondria from Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissue

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Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
08:57

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

Published on: February 24, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Gasotransmitters (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide) are key physiological mediators.
  • These molecules are implicated in diseases like neurodegeneration and sepsis.
  • Their interaction with mitochondria is crucial for biological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of gasotransmitter effects on mitochondria.
  • To explore the modulation of mitochondrial targets by gasotransmitters.
  • To discuss the implications for cellular energy production and cytotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on gasotransmitters and mitochondria.
  • Analysis of research on gasotransmitter inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase.
  • Synthesis of findings on cellular energy and survival under gasotransmitter influence.

Main Results:

  • Gasotransmitters significantly modulate mitochondrial function.
  • Inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by gasotransmitters can lead to energy depletion and cytotoxicity.
  • Cellular energy production and survival can be maintained despite gasotransmitter presence, indicating complex regulatory mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial targets are key sites for gasotransmitter action.
  • Gasotransmitter modulation of mitochondria plays a critical role in cellular homeostasis and disease pathogenesis.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the intricate mechanisms involved.