Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...

Effects of feedback

Effects of feedback

Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

How decarbonization and the circular economy interact: Benefits and trade-offs in the case of the buildings, transport, and electricity sectors in Austria.

Journal of industrial ecology·2026

Same author

[Bacteria species and antibiotic resistance in bovine mastitis within the framework of the «ReLait» project].

Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde·2025

Same author

Methods to Derive Uncertainty Intervals for Lifetime Risks for Lung Cancer Related to Occupational Radon Exposure.

Health physics·2025

Same author

Lifetime Risks for Lung Cancer due to Occupational Radon Exposure: A Systematic Analysis of Estimation Components.

Radiation research·2025

Same author

[Panuveitis under dabrafenib/trametinib treatment for malignant cutaneous melanoma persisting after completion of treatment].

Die Ophthalmologie·2024

Same author

Lifetime excess absolute risk for lung cancer due to exposure to radon: results of the pooled uranium miners cohort study PUMA.

Radiation and environmental biophysics·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2012

Breaks during 5Hz rTMS are essential for facilitatory after effects.

H Rothkegel¹, M Sommer, W Paulus

¹Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. hrothke@gwdg.de

Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology

|December 17, 2009

Summary

Breaks in high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) critically influence neuroplasticity. Intermittent protocols induce facilitation, while continuous stimulation leads to inhibition, highlighting the importance of breaks for effective rTMS therapy.

More Related Videos

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Published on: December 28, 2010

Non-invasive Assessment of Changes in Corticomotoneuronal Transmission in Humans

Non-invasive Assessment of Changes in Corticomotoneuronal Transmission in Humans

Published on: May 24, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Mapping the After-effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on the Human Auditory Cortex with Functional Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2012

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Published on: December 28, 2010

Non-invasive Assessment of Changes in Corticomotoneuronal Transmission in Humans

Non-invasive Assessment of Changes in Corticomotoneuronal Transmission in Humans

Published on: May 24, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neurophysiology
Brain Stimulation

Background:

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique.
Stimulation frequency is traditionally viewed as the primary determinant of rTMS effects on corticospinal excitability.
The role of stimulation timing, specifically breaks, in modulating rTMS outcomes remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of breaks during high-frequency subthreshold rTMS on inducing facilitatory after effects.
To compare the neuroplastic effects of a standard block-design rTMS protocol versus a continuous rTMS protocol.
To examine the influence of current direction in rTMS and single-pulse TMS on neuroplasticity.

Main Methods:

Comparison of a standard 5Hz rTMS block design protocol with a continuous rTMS protocol using an equivalent number of pulses.
Assessment of corticospinal excitability changes following each protocol.
Inclusion of initial current direction (posterior-anterior vs. anterior-posterior) as a variable for both rTMS and single-pulse TMS.

Main Results:

A standard 5Hz rTMS protocol with breaks induced facilitatory after effects on corticospinal excitability.
Continuous rTMS, lacking breaks, resulted in inhibitory effects rather than facilitation.
Significant neuroplastic effects were observed only with an initial posterior-anterior current direction during rTMS.

Conclusions:

The presence and duration of breaks during high-frequency rTMS are critical determinants of the direction of induced neuroplastic changes.
These findings enhance the understanding of rTMS-induced neuroplasticity.
The results have significant implications for optimizing the design of experimental and clinical rTMS protocols.