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Related Concept Videos

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

3' End Sequencing Library Preparation with A-seq2
12:01

3' End Sequencing Library Preparation with A-seq2

Published on: October 10, 2017

An unexpected ending: noncanonical 3' end processing mechanisms.

Jeremy E Wilusz1, David L Spector

  • 1Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

RNA (New York, N.Y.)
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA 3' end processing is crucial for gene function. Noncanonical mechanisms, involving enzymes from tRNA and splicing pathways, generate mature RNA ends, revealing complex gene expression regulation.

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Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • RNA Processing

Background:

  • Canonical RNA 3' end processing involves polyadenylation.
  • Noncanonical 3' end processing mechanisms are increasingly recognized.
  • These mechanisms utilize enzymes from other RNA processing pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate noncanonical 3' end processing of RNA polymerase II transcripts.
  • To understand the role of enzymes from tRNA biogenesis and pre-mRNA splicing in 3' end formation.
  • To explore the regulation of 3' end cleavage site selection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nascent transcripts.
  • Identification of cleavage sites.
  • Investigating enzyme functions in RNA processing.

Main Results:

  • Noncanonical 3' end processing occurs at several human gene loci.
  • Enzymes involved in tRNA biogenesis and pre-mRNA splicing cleave nascent transcripts.
  • Multiple cleavage sites are common, with selection regulated by developmental and cellular cues.

Conclusions:

  • Proper 3' end processing is essential for mature RNA functionality.
  • RNA polymerase II transcripts can be processed via multiple mechanisms.
  • 3' end cleavage site selection is a key regulatory step in gene expression.