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Influenza

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Published on: December 4, 2015

2009 H1N1 influenza.

Seth J Sullivan¹, Robert M Jacobson, Walter R Dowdle

¹Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

|December 17, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, or 2009 H1N1, caused a global pandemic, disproportionately affecting young people. This review covers its virology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

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Area of Science:

Virology
Epidemiology
Public Health

Background:

A novel influenza A (H1N1) virus, identified as 2009 H1N1, rapidly emerged and caused the first influenza pandemic in decades.
The virus demonstrated a notable impact on younger populations, with initial virulence comparable to seasonal influenza strains.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive clinical review of the 2009 H1N1 virus.
To update information on the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for 2009 H1N1 influenza.

Main Methods:

A literature search was conducted on PubMed using keywords such as H1N1, influenza, vaccine, pregnancy, children, treatment, epidemiology, and review.
Studies were selected based on their relevance, with a preference for recent publications.

Main Results:

The review synthesizes current knowledge on the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.
It addresses the virus's characteristics, transmission patterns, and clinical presentation, particularly in vulnerable groups.

Conclusions:

The 2009 H1N1 pandemic highlighted the need for ongoing surveillance and rapid response to novel influenza viruses.
Information regarding prevention and treatment is continuously evolving, necessitating access to the latest research and public health guidance.