Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Impression Management Techniques I: Managing Appearances01:29

Impression Management Techniques I: Managing Appearances

Appearance is a multidimensional aspect of self-presentation that encompasses observable attributes such as clothing, grooming, speech, and nonverbal behavior. These elements are often strategically managed to align with socially constructed expectations in different settings. For instance, individuals tailor their appearance during job interviews, social gatherings, or athletic events to meet the perceived norms of those environments.Contextual Adaptation and Social SignalsThe research...
Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Facial Feedback Hypothesis01:24

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Charles Darwin proposed that facial expressions are an evolutionary adaptation for communication. He argued that these expressions are not influenced by culture but are universal across species. For example, a snarling expression with exposed teeth signals a threat in many animals, including humans. Darwin also suggested that displaying an emotion can intensify the feeling. Smiling, for example, could enhance one's sense of happiness. This idea laid the foundation for understanding the role of...
Therapeutic Communication01:30

Therapeutic Communication

Communication is a lifelong learning process. Through therapeutic communication, nurses can collect relevant assessment data, provide education and counseling, and interact during nursing interventions. Sending and receiving messages occur through verbal and nonverbal communication techniques and can happen separately or simultaneously.
Verbal communication depends on language or a prescribed way of using words so that people can share information effectively. The critical aspects of verbal...
Relationship Formation02:12

Relationship Formation

What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Idiopathic Calcinosis Cutis of the Hand.

Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open·2024
Same author

Preoperative Frailty Risk in Cranioplasty Patients: Risk Analysis Index Predicts Adverse Outcomes.

Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open·2023
Same author

Geographic Trends in the Neurosurgery Match During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Neurosurgery·2023
Same author

The Impact of COVID-19 on the Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Match.

Surgery journal (New York, N.Y.)·2022
Same author

Anomalous Presentation of Venous Malformations in an Adolescent Male.

Cureus·2021
Same author

Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy for Ludwig's Angina: A Case Series.

Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open·2017
Same journal

"Inferior Repositioning of the High-Riding Nipple Using a Parenchymal-Based Flap".

Plastic and reconstructive surgery·2026
Same journal

A Four-Step Strategy for the Treatment of Facial Rhytids: A Focus on Upper Facial Wrinkles.

Plastic and reconstructive surgery·2026
Same journal

Evaluating Long-Term Retention of Fresh-Frozen Costal Cartilage Allograft in An Animal Model.

Plastic and reconstructive surgery·2026
Same journal

Manual extrusion of fat granules for primary thinning of a bulky flap.

Plastic and reconstructive surgery·2026
Same journal

"Impact of regional surgeon competition on use and costs of carpal tunnel releases".

Plastic and reconstructive surgery·2026
Same journal

Prevention of Tendon Adhesion and Preservation of Healing Strength Using a Hydrophobically Modified Alaska Pollock Gelatin Sheet.

Plastic and reconstructive surgery·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

Appearance is a function of the face.

Gregory L Borah1, Marlene K Rankin

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 1 Robert Wood Johnson Place, MEB 506, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. borahgr@umdnj.edu

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Normal facial appearance is a primary function, crucial for social integration. Many individuals consider appearance vital, with some willing to accept significant risks for facial restoration, highlighting its importance in society.

More Related Videos

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
08:15

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face

Published on: January 7, 2019

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face
08:15

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face

Published on: January 7, 2019

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Insurers often deny coverage for facial deformities, deeming them non-functional.
  • Facial transplants indicate patient willingness to undergo risky surgery for normal appearance.
  • Limited research quantifies appearance as a primary facial function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Define population-based facial functions.
  • Rank the face's importance against other anatomical areas.
  • Assess the value placed on normal facial appearance.

Main Methods:

  • Surveyed 210 adult subjects across three states (ages 18-75).
  • Employed quota sampling for participant recruitment.
  • Utilized questionnaires on demographics, bias, risk tolerance (Gamble Chance of Death), and self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale).

Main Results:

  • The face was the highest-ranked anatomical area for functional reconstruction.
  • Appearance ranked fifth among facial functions, following breathing, sight, speech, and eating.
  • 49% rated normal appearance as very important for societal function; 13% would risk 30-45% mortality for a normal face.

Conclusions:

  • Normal appearance is a primary facial function, supported by a diverse population sample.
  • Facial appearance is more critical than smell or expression.
  • Restoration of facial appearance is the most crucial reconstructive goal for the face.