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Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide generation. 
Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Adsorbents as Antidiarrheal Agents01:20

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Adsorbents as Antidiarrheal Agents

Diarrhea is characterized by the occurrence of frequent, watery bowel movements. Various factors can trigger diarrhea, including viral or bacterial infections, foodborne illnesses, side effects from certain medications, and underlying digestive disorders. If not adequately managed, diarrhea can lead to complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and nutrient deficiencies. Severe diarrhea can lead to significant weight loss, malnutrition, and weakened immune function.
Adsorbents...
Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer
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Adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer.

Smitha S Krishnamurthi1, Yuji Seo, Timothy J Kinsella

  • 1Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.

Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Multidisciplinary treatment, including preoperative chemoradiation, is standard for stage II and III rectal cancer, improving outcomes and reducing recurrence. Future research focuses on novel agents and radiation techniques for better patient prognosis.

Keywords:
Rectal canceradjuvantchemotherapyradiationreview

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Rectal cancer treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach for optimal outcomes.
  • Both postoperative adjuvant therapy and preoperative radiation have shown benefits in reducing recurrence.
  • Preoperative chemoradiation is now the standard of care in the US for clinical stage II and III rectal cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current evidence for multidisciplinary treatment of rectal cancer.
  • To highlight the benefits of preoperative chemoradiation over postoperative approaches.
  • To discuss promising future directions in rectal cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies on postoperative adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy and radiation).
  • Analysis of studies on preoperative radiation therapy and preoperative chemoradiation.
  • Comparison of preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiation outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Postoperative radiation decreases locoregional recurrence.
  • Postoperative chemotherapy improves disease-free and overall survival in some studies.
  • Preoperative chemoradiation improves local recurrence, toxicity, and sphincter preservation compared to postoperative chemoradiation.

Conclusions:

  • Preoperative chemoradiation is the standard of care for stage II and III rectal cancer due to superior outcomes.
  • Future research should explore new chemotherapeutic agents, biologic agents, advanced radiation techniques, and predictive profiling.