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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol abuse, or...
Appendicitis01:19

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the vermiform appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of its lumen. The appendix is a narrow, blind-ended pouch that extends from the cecum, making it particularly prone to obstruction. Causes include fecaliths, lymphoid hyperplasia (often after viral infections), parasites, tumors, or foreign bodies. This obstruction initiates a cascade of pathological changes.Luminal Obstruction and Early InflammationAfter obstruction, normal mucosal...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
Diverticular Disease of the Colon01:27

Diverticular Disease of the Colon

Diverticular disease involves the formation of diverticula—small sac-like outpouchings of the colonic wall—and their complications. It most commonly affects the sigmoid colon due to higher intraluminal pressure and structural vulnerability. It results from structural weakness and increased pressure in the colon, producing pseudodiverticula that may remain silent or progress to inflammation and serious complications.Structure of DiverticulaIn diverticulosis, these outpouchings are...

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Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery
05:39

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery

Published on: June 23, 2023

Hemorrhoids.

Amy Halverson1

  • 1Division of Surgical Oncology, Northwestern Medical Faculty Foundation, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. ahalverson@nmff.org

Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery
|December 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Hemorrhoids are common vascular structures. Treatments range from in-office procedures like rubber band ligation to surgical hemorrhoidectomy, with the best option depending on individual patient factors.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Colorectal Surgery

Background:

  • Hemorrhoids are normal vascular structures in the rectum.
  • Symptomatic hemorrhoids can cause bleeding, prolapse, and painful swelling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the management of symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease.
  • To describe various treatment options for internal and external hemorrhoids.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current treatment modalities for hemorrhoids.
  • Discussion of indications and contraindications for different procedures.

Main Results:

  • In-office treatments like rubber band ligation and infrared coagulation are options for symptomatic internal hemorrhoids failing conservative management.
  • Surgical hemorrhoidectomy (open or closed) is indicated for complex cases or those unresponsive to less invasive treatments.
Keywords:
Hemorrhoidsinternal hemorrhoidsrectal bleedingstapled hemorrhoidopexythrombosed external hemorrhoids

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Combination of High Ligation and Intraoperative Embolization Using Polidocanol for Treatment of Varicoceles

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  • Stapled hemorrhoidopexy is an option for internal hemorrhoids but requires surgeon training due to rare severe complications.

    • Conclusions:

    • Treatment choice for hemorrhoids should be individualized.
    • Consideration of patient symptoms, disease extent, and surgeon experience is crucial for optimal outcomes.