Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Dose Response Curve: Conventional Versus Nonmonotonic

Dose Response Curve: Conventional Versus Nonmonotonic

The correlation between a drug's dosage and its impact on a biological system is a cornerstone of pharmacology and toxicology. Conventional dose–response curves, which include graded and quantal relationships, are key to this understanding. Graded dose–response curves depict the spectrum of a biological reaction to different doses within an individual, indicating that as the drug dosage increases, so does the intensity of the response. On the other hand, quantal dose–response relationships...

Dose-Response Relationship: Overview

Dose-Response Relationship: Overview

Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many biochemical processes at the cellular level and subsequently induce a pharmacologic response. The degree of response is directly proportional to the fraction of activated receptors, which in turn, depends on the concentration of the drug at the receptor site as well as the sensitivity of the receptor. An increase in the administered dose contributes to...

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Dose to Pharmacological Effect

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Dose to Pharmacological Effect

A drug’s dosage and pharmacokinetic properties determine how quickly it acts, how intense its effects are, and how long it lasts. Higher doses increase drug concentration at receptor sites, producing a hyperbolic curve when pharmacologic response is plotted against drug dose. Converting this scale to a log-linear format results in a sigmoidal curve, better representing dose–response relationships.For drugs following a one-compartment model, the pharmacologic response is directly proportional to...

Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy

Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy

The potency of a drug is the measure of its ability to produce a biological response and can be compared by looking at the half-maximum effective concentration or EC50 values of different drugs. A lower EC50 value indicates higher potency of the drug. In the dose–response curve of two antihypertensive drugs, candesartan and irbesartan, a significant difference is observed in their EC50 values. A lower EC50 value for candesartan indicates that it is more potent than irbesartan, as it produces...

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Management of Orofacial Neuropathic Pain-WALT Position Paper 2026.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026

Same author

Outcomes of whole-body photobiomodulation on pain, quality of life, leisure physical activity, pain catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, and self-efficacy: a prospective randomized triple-blinded clinical trial with 6 months of follow-up.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2024

Same author

Monte Carlo based dosimetry of extraoral photobiomodulation for prevention of oral mucositis.

Scientific reports·2023

Same author

Photobiomodulation Literature Watch February 2023.

Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery·2023

Same author

Photobiomodulation Literature Watch October 2022.

Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery·2023

Same author

Photobiomodulation Literature Watch September 2022.

Photobiomodulation, photomedicine, and laser surgery·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Optimizing Photoneuromodulation Techniques to Evaluate the Role of Green Light-Emitting Diodes in Pain Management

Optimizing Photoneuromodulation Techniques to Evaluate the Role of Green Light-Emitting Diodes in Pain Management

Published on: March 28, 2025

Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy.

Ying-Ying Huang¹, Aaron C-H Chen, James D Carroll

¹Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Dose-Response : a Publication of International Hormesis Society

|December 17, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Low-level light therapy (LLLT) uses specific light wavelengths to promote tissue healing and reduce inflammation. This review explores LLLT

More Related Videos

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Published on: March 21, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Optimizing Photoneuromodulation Techniques to Evaluate the Role of Green Light-Emitting Diodes in Pain Management

Optimizing Photoneuromodulation Techniques to Evaluate the Role of Green Light-Emitting Diodes in Pain Management

Published on: March 28, 2025

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Published on: March 21, 2015

Area of Science:

Photomedicine
Biophotonics
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Low-level light therapy (LLLT) has been utilized for over 40 years to promote healing and reduce inflammation.
Despite numerous positive studies, LLLT remains controversial due to incompletely understood mechanisms and complex parameter choices.
A biphasic dose response, where lower light levels are more effective than higher ones, is a key characteristic of LLLT.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying LLLT.
To provide scientific explanations for the observed biphasic dose response in LLLT.
To discuss recent in vitro and in vivo findings related to LLLT efficacy.

Main Methods:

Literature review of molecular and cellular mechanisms in LLLT.
Analysis of in vitro experimental results.
Evaluation of in vivo study data.

Main Results:

LLLT demonstrates a biphasic dose response, often described by the Arndt-Schulz curve.
Specific light parameters (wavelength, fluence, power density) significantly influence therapeutic outcomes.
Recent research provides mechanistic insights into LLLT's effects on cellular processes.

Conclusions:

LLLT holds significant therapeutic potential for tissue repair and inflammation reduction.
Understanding the biphasic dose response is crucial for optimizing LLLT protocols.
Further research into LLLT mechanisms will enhance its clinical application and acceptance.