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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Published on: July 22, 2021

Nonunions around the knee joint.

Daniel B Chan¹, Devon M Jeffcoat, Dean G Lorich

¹Orthopedic Trauma Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA.

International Orthopaedics

|December 17, 2009

Summary

Treating rare distal femur and proximal tibia nonunions often requires revision surgery. Fixed-angle plating and bone grafting are effective for distal femur nonunions, while deformity correction and plating aid proximal tibia union.

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Last Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

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In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

Published on: May 5, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Trauma Surgery
Bone Healing

Background:

Nonunions of the distal femur and proximal tibia are uncommon but challenging orthopedic conditions.
Various surgical techniques exist, each with specific indications and limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and discuss effective surgical strategies for treating distal femur and proximal tibia nonunions.
To emphasize the importance of restoring mechanical axis and achieving stable fixation for successful outcomes.

Main Methods:

Review of surgical management options for distal femur nonunions, including external fixation, intramedullary nailing, arthroplasty, and fixed-angle plating.
Discussion of revision strategies for extra-articular proximal tibial nonunions and tibial plateau nonunions, focusing on deformity correction and fixation techniques.

Main Results:

Fixed-angle plating, lag screws, and bone grafting are reliable for distal femur nonunions, especially in small distal segments.
Revision surgery with deformity correction, plating, and lag screws leads to predictable union in proximal tibia nonunions.
Tibial plateau nonunions require meticulous soft tissue handling and restoration of the articular surface for functional recovery.

Conclusions:

Revision fixation with appropriate techniques, including fixed-angle plating and bone grafting, can effectively treat distal femur nonunions.
Surgical correction of deformity and stable fixation are crucial for successful union of proximal tibia nonunions.
Addressing articular surface, mechanical axis, and meniscal pathology is vital for optimal knee function in tibial plateau nonunion cases.